首页  >   台海新闻

妈祖佑两岸 银同是归乡

2024-04-30 10:08 福建日报

  

  银同天后宫内部陈列布置 夏海滨 摄

  

  银同天后宫与彰化南瑶宫的结盟书 洪清凉 摄

  

  2012年,台中乐成宫700余人组团来访银同天后宫。 (资料图片)

  

  神龛内的三尊妈祖像夏海滨 摄

  

  同安老城区鸟瞰图 夏海滨 摄

  邱赵胤 杨心亮 夏海滨

  核心提示

  古同安,别称“铜鱼城”,五代后唐长兴四年(933年)正式置县,辖3乡11里,包括前厦门市、同安县、金门县及龙海市一部分。古时因其县城东西较宽,南北较窄,形状呈束腰银锭状,故此也被称为“银城”。

  许濙开疆二千载,朱熹过化八百年。同安历史久远,拥有丰富的文化底蕴和灿烂的民俗文化,在不同时期的社会环境影响下,众多民间信俗也在同安落地生根,如开闽王、清水祖师、保生大帝、浦头十八王公等。

  古同安,今厦门。作为古代海上丝绸之路重要支点,千年来,同安人民往来于厦、台之间,逐波于南洋之上,在此过程中,也产生了诸多极具特色的海洋文化,“银同黑脸妈祖”便是其中比较具有代表性的民间信俗之一。

  妈祖文化肇始于宋,不仅在莆田、闽南和台湾地区广为传播,在全球都颇具影响力。在同安,妈祖文化由来已久,同安是闽南地区最早奉祀妈祖的地方之一。同时,银同天后宫也是台湾三大妈祖支派之银同妈祖(黑脸三妈)的祖庙。如今,妈祖信仰在台湾信众最多,而其中近七成的妈祖庙都信仰黑脸妈祖。

  2007年10月,银同天后宫被厦门市人民政府公布为市级涉台文物古迹。在银同天后宫的神龛内,并祀湄洲妈祖(粉脸大妈)、温陵妈祖(红脸二妈)和银同妈祖(黑脸三妈)。其中,黑脸三妈为本宫主神,着绿色龙袍,位居神龛中央;大妈着黄色龙袍,位于神龛内左侧;二妈着红色龙袍,位于神龛内右侧。

  妈祖文化缘何传至同安?银同妈祖为何黑脸?又是如何衍播至台湾?在这背后,蕴含着同安人民瀚海风帆,逐波台湾海峡,经略海洋、走向深蓝的时代壮歌。

  传说 银同妈祖护佑两岸

  明嘉靖三十七年(1558年),一场战斗正在同安城上激烈进行。大批倭寇进犯同安南门,军民奋起反抗。战斗正酣之时,同安南门奉祀的守护神妈祖“显灵”,助军民退倭,妈祖“以阴兵击贼,脸色尽紫”,终成黑脸不褪……

  民间信俗虽然只是传说,无从考证。但信仰却是一种精神寄托,也是时代和社会背景之下的产物,在文明之中饱含人性和柔情。

  据史书记载,自明正统十三年(1448年)起的一百余年间,东南沿海屡受倭患,同安尤甚。明嘉靖三十三年(1554年)至隆庆三年(1569年)之间,倭寇五次侵犯同安,三次攻城。

  又一说法则是,倭寇犯城往往是“浮海犯南门”,即倭船由石浔海口沿溪上溯至南门,故南门司镇神妈祖必须加强御盗捍贼的神力。又受佛教佛像装饰的影响,其中黑脸、青紫脸佛形象威猛,有御盗神力。因此,粉红脸的妈祖为御倭而改塑为黑脸。

  同安文史专家陈金城在《黑脸妈祖根在同安》一文中记载:“银同黑脸妈祖信仰出现于明嘉靖年间,是同安民众抗倭平倭心愿之集中反映。而其深层次原因则是明代中后期同安海运业之崛起和清初同安人民犯禁渡台高潮的迭起,需要创造自己的地域性或宗族性的海神。”显然,这就是银同“黑脸妈祖”的成因。

  据《同安县志》记载:同安沿溪沿海多有“天后宫”,其中南门天后宫由郑成功部将林圯分灵至台北云林,后再分炉台湾各地,均称“银妈祖”,奉南门天后宫为祖庙。

  林圯是同安南门铜鱼馆人,老宅如今也在银同天后宫附近。史学家连横在《台湾通史》中记载,林圯是郑成功的部将,历战功至参军。清顺治十八年(1661年)随郑成功驱逐荷兰殖民者,收复台湾。

  相传林圯在出征前,迎请南门黑脸妈祖神像上战船供奉,并在战船上特意设“妈祖堂”,祈求庇佑。大军渡台途中二次阻风回驻澎湖,但郑成功担心贻误大潮汛期的有利时机,毅然下令冒风进军,并整衣冠率部将在船头设香案,祈求妈祖平息风浪,助潮济师。当战船在夜晚到达台湾鹿耳门外海时,果然潮水加涨高丈余,使兵船顺利越过沉船的阻塞从内禾寮沙滩登陆,一举收复赤嵌。

  战后评功时,郑成功钦定妈祖平息风浪,涌潮济师,功居首位。随后下令把荷兰鹿耳门教堂改为“土城圣母庙”,为如今正统鹿耳门圣母庙的前身,专祀林圯所奉的银同黑脸妈祖神像,以志护海女神功绩。银同黑脸三妈从此开基台湾,成为台湾三大妈祖支派之一。1668年,林圯又于屯垦地水沙连(旧林圯埔,今南投竹山镇)立庙奉祀,至今在台知名分炉近百座。

  同安文史专家、原同安县文化局局长颜立水在《“银同妈祖”祖庙——同安南门天后宫》一文中认为,银同妈祖分炉台湾的主要途径有三种,分别是林圯垦台、施琅定台和移民渡台。明清时期,同安共有68个姓氏、1000余宗支移居台湾。

  台湾多山临海,从同安迁移而至的民众多以捕鱼和海上贸易为生。然而,靠海维生相比农耕,要面对更大的风险与不确定性,在古代科技落后的条件下,宗教信仰对心灵的慰藉,是同安人民艰难求生过程中重要的精神支柱,这也为黑脸妈祖在台湾“生根”,提供了有利的条件。

  “郑成功收复台湾后,带领将士开垦土地,扎根台湾。将士们大多来自福建沿海,普遍认同妈祖信仰。”厦门市闽南文化研究会会长叶细致认为,在另一方面,郑成功收复台湾屡次受到妈祖保佑的消息在民众间传开,也让妈祖的信仰在台湾更加深入人心。

  物缘 千年宫庙福泽同安

  双溪河畔,南门桥头,银同天后宫坐落于厦门市同安区南门内4号的南门桥铜鱼馆,旧时地名“土窟墘”。天后宫坐西北朝东南,三进格局,前殿为山川殿,中为正殿,后殿为圣父母厅,硬山顶砖木结构,面阔三间6.93米,进深21.75米。原右配释仔宅,前有麒麟照墙。天后宫中,神龛上悬挂“银同妈祖”匾额,神龛中供奉着三尊妈祖像。

  银同天后宫始建于何年并不可考,而《同安文物大观》对其的始建年代明确为宋代。并根据清代蔡骥良曾于康熙二十九年(1690年)至四十五年(1706年)间任同安教谕时,写下《天后宫记》推断,银同天后宫又在此期间重建,并形成现有规制。

  清嘉庆版《同安县志》卷十“坛庙寺观”中收入有蔡骥良所作的《天后宫记》:邑之有镇神也,城隍为之主。而保障一方,不能无捍御之助,则东、西、朔、南,各有神以司之。如天后者,同之南关锁钥也。旧祀于城之南楼,虽祀典弗载,而邑之人,咸尸祝焉。

  银同天后宫2003年和2011年两次重修。2022年,银同黑脸妈祖信俗入选厦门市级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录,展现了地方风情与人文底蕴兼具的同安特色。

  据《东市林氏族谱》记载,北宋皇祐年间,与妈祖相隔二世的同宗侄孙林怿任同安掾吏,居同安东市,自湄洲妈祖庙奉请本家姑婆神像于厅堂供奉。

  南宋绍兴十五年(1145年),彼时同安知县王轼在大                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  山下新建同安城,县城东西长,南北窄,形似银锭,同安因此得名“银城”。城设五门,在其中的南门上,将东市林家厅堂的妈祖神像移至城楼供祀,并以此为守护神。

  据颜立水介绍,朱熹首仕同安担任主簿时,曾游同安县安仁里蔡林社并为之标题八景。其中的“珠屿晚霞”更附诗一首:“宝珠自古任江流,锁断银同一鹭洲。晓望平原灿日色,霞光映入满山丘。”后来“银同”一词常作同安的代称,银同妈祖中的“银同”便也由此而来。

  千年银城,四海同安。滨海之同安,有浯洲、嘉禾里、大小嶝岛等众多岛屿。居民多以耕海为生,故宋元以来皆信仰海神妈祖。据《同安县志》《厦门志》《金门志》统计,明清以来同安共有天后宫14座,金门有10座。由此可见,同安的妈祖信仰历史之久、分布之广。

  俗缘 蕴含城市的脉与魂

  5月1日,一场关于黑脸妈祖的民俗文化节将在厦门市同安区举办。活动邀请中台湾振兴团、台湾云林元兴堂、彰化华德宫等数个来自台湾的宫庙代表一同参加银同天后宫恭祝圣诞的系列活动,见证将分灵往中台湾振兴团永久供奉的妈祖开光仪式。

  “作为台湾银同黑脸妈祖的祖庙,接下来我们将组建黑脸妈祖文化研究会,整合黑脸妈祖的历史材料进行编绘,形成系统的书籍,将黑脸妈祖文化向世界传播。”厦门银同天后宫管委会主委柯福晟表示。

  2010年10月,银同天后宫向台湾奉祀妈祖的宫庙发出“银同天后宫黑脸三妈台湾寻亲大团圆”的邀请函,邀请台湾的宫庙到银同天后宫参访,也正是这一封邀请函,为银同天后宫带来了参访的“热潮”。

  在邀请函发往台湾不久后,银同天后宫也收到了彰化元清观的邀请。2011年1月,银同天后宫管委会首次组团入台参加元清观重建入火安座大典,随团人员利用参访间隙,拜访了台中乐成宫、台南鹿耳门天后宫、台南大天后宫等11座台湾妈祖宫庙。

  从那时起,这些妈祖宫庙开始组团回访交流,每年来银同天后宫朝圣参访的台湾进香团不断增加。此外,银同天后宫先后与彰化南瑶宫、台中乐成宫、台南鹿耳门天后宫、嘉义新港奉天宫、嘉义溪北六兴宫等台湾知名妈祖宫庙结成了友好宫庙。

  据了解,自2016年起,厦门银同天后宫管委会先后10余次受邀组团参加台湾妈祖宫庙的入火安座、圣诞和徒步进香等活动,逐步增进了与台湾妈祖宫庙的交流联系。

  “近年来,银同天后宫不断改善内外软硬设施,为开展对台交流提供良好平台;另一方面,积极举办主题活动,开展慈善活动,弘扬妈祖精神,借此提高银同黑脸妈祖的知名度。”厦门银同天后宫管委会秘书长柯朝阳表示。

  如今,同安仍保存着诸多传统文化,其中信仰文化就是一种。千百年的历史,宗教信仰不仅仅是同安的地方文化,更是中华文化的传承。银同黑脸妈祖也在地缘、文脉之外,为台湾同胞搭建了一条通往心灵归属与乡情的“信仰通道”。

[责任编辑:福建省台办]

相关推荐